BAHASA INGGRIS
NAMA :
RIZKI NUR ANGGRAINI
NPM :
56411350
KELAS :
1IA11
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2012
1. QUESTION WORDS
à we use question words to ask certain types
of qustions. We often refer to them as WH words because they include the
letters WH (for example: Who, What)
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WORD
|
DETAIL
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EXAMPLE
|
|
WHAT
Apa/Siapa
|
Menanyakan
nama orang (nama benda)
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What is your name?
|
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What did she buy?
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||
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Menanyakan
pekerjaan atau profesi
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What are you doing?
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What is he?
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WHO
Siapa
(orang lain)
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Menanyakan
nama subjek(pelaku)
[orang
yang melakukan]
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Who takes my pen?
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Who cleaned this room?
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Menanyakan
objek
[orang-nya
yang menjadi objek]
[tense-nya
PRESENT]
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Who do you mean?
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Who is the man?
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WHOM
Siapa
(orang lain)
|
Menanyakan
objek
[orang-nya
yang menjadi objek]
[tense-nya
SELAIN PRESENT]
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Whom will you send the letter to?
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Whom did you talk to?
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WHOSE
Milik/punya
siapa
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Menanyakan
pemilik suatu benda
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Whose pen is this?
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Whose dictionary can i borrow?
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WHICH
Yang
Mana
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Menanyakan
pilihan
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Which is your bag?
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Which pen is yours?
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WHY
Kenapa
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Menanyakan
penyebab atau alasan
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Why do you come late?
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Why does she look so sad?
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WHERE
Dimana
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Menanyakan
tempat
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Where is your mother?
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Where did he go last night?
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WHEN
Kapan
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Menanyakan
waktu terjadi kegiatan
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When you were born?
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When will they arrive in Korea?
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HOW
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Menanyakan
kabar/keadaan
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How are you doing?
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How do you do?
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Menanyakan
cara
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How does she go to school?
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How did he cut the tree?
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Menanyakan
harga/jumlah benda
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How many this apples?
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How much is this book?
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Menanyakan
umur
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How old are you?
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How old is the building?
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Menanyakan
sifat benda
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How deep is the river?
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How tall are you?
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Menanyakan
keseringan
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How rare you take a bath?
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How often do you go to library?
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Menanyakan
durasi waktu
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How long you take a bath?
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How long did she sleep?
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Question
Word lebih dikenal dengan 5W + 1H, yaitu :
1. What
2. When
3. Where
4. Why
5. Who
6. How
Namun,selain5W
+ 1H ini terdapat word lain yang digunakan di Question word ini yaitu
:
1. Whom
2. Whose
3. Which
Jadi, secara keseluruhan kata–katayang digunakan
dalam Question word ini ada 9.
EXERCISE
1. ________ much do you weight?
Answer: How
2. ________ went to Korea? Susi did
Answer:
Who
3. ________ hat is this? It’s my brother
Answer:
Whose
4. ________ are you going for your vacation? I’m going to
Canada
Answer:
Where
5. ________ will you visit that museum? Next week
Answer:
When
6. ________ can i do for you?
Answer:
What
7. ________ picture do you prefer, this one or that one?
Answer:
Which
8. _______ book is this? It’s mine
Answer:
Whose
9. _______ do you play tennis? For exercise
Answer:
Why
10. ________ are
you thinking about?
Answer:
What
11. _________ is
your name? My name is Raichan
a.
What
b.
Whose
c.
Which
d.
Who
Answer:
What
12. _________ does
Victoria get up in the morning? At six o’clock
a.
What
b.
Where
c.
When
d.
Who
Answer:
When
13. _________ is
reading in the library? Diane is reading in the library
a.
Where
b.
Which
c.
What
d.
Who
Answer:
Who
14. _______ do you
like better, teddy bears or toy car?
a.
Which
b.
Where
c.
When
d.
What
Answer:
Which
15. _______ car is
this? It is my uncle’s car
a.
What
b.
Which
c.
Who
d.
Whose
Answer:
Whose
16. _______ are you
going? I’m going to the market
a.
Which
b.
Where
c.
Who
d.
What
Answer:
Where
17. ________ high
is the building?
a.
How
b.
Where
c.
What
d.
Which
Answer:
How
18. ______ does she
look so sad?
a.
Why
b.
What
c.
How
d.
Whose
Answer:
Why
19. ________ did
she go with?
a.
What
b.
Why
c.
Whom
d.
Whose
Answer:
Whom
20. _________ old
is your granny?
a.
What
b.
When
c.
How
d.
Why
Answer:
How
2. GERUND
AND INFINITIVES
What
is a Gerund?
A gerund is a noun made from a verb. To make
a gerund, you add "-ing" to the verb.
For example:
For example:
1. In
the sentence "I swim every day",
the word "swim" is a verb.
In the sentence "I like swimming", the word "swimming" is a noun.
Therefore, "swimming" is a gerund.
In the sentence "I like swimming", the word "swimming" is a noun.
Therefore, "swimming" is a gerund.
2. In
the sentence "She reads several books a
week", the word "read" is a verb.
In the sentence "Reading is important", the word "reading" is a noun.
Therefore, "reading" is a gerund.
In the sentence "Reading is important", the word "reading" is a noun.
Therefore, "reading" is a gerund.
We could say this actually makes sense: the
gerund describes an action,
something we do.
Gerunds are often used when actions are real or completed.
Gerunds are often used when actions are real or completed.
For example:
1.
She stopped smoking.
2.
I finished doing
my homework
3.
They keep on fighting.
What is an Infinitive?
An infinitive is the basic form of the verb + "to".
For example:
1. "I
want to swim."
2. "They
asked us to leave."
We could say this actually makes sense: the
infinitive describes an action, but unlike a regular verb, it is not limited in
any way.
The regular verb is limited to the tense and subject.
The regular verb is limited to the tense and subject.
Infinitives are often used when actions are
unreal, general, or future
For example:
1.
Kate agreed to
come.
2.
I hope to
see you soon.
3.
They decided to
return home.
Gerunds or Infinitives?
If we want to speak correct and natural
English, we should know when to use gerunds, and when to use infinitives.
To make it more easy, we can use the "Gerunds or Infinitives Chart" to help our decide which form to use
To make it more easy, we can use the "Gerunds or Infinitives Chart" to help our decide which form to use
The basic difference between gerunds
and infinitives is the following
1. Using
a gerund suggests that you are referring
to real activities or experiences.
to real activities or experiences.
2. Using
an infinitive suggests that you are
talking about potential or possible activities or experiences.
talking about potential or possible activities or experiences.
When used before
the main verb, gerunds tend to sound more like natural English.
After the main
verb, both gerunds and infinitives can be used.
The main verb in the sentence determines whether we use a gerund or an infinitive.
Some verbs take only a gerund or only an infinitive. A few verbs take both gerunds and infinitives, but with an significant difference in the meaning.
The main verb in the sentence determines whether we use a gerund or an infinitive.
Some verbs take only a gerund or only an infinitive. A few verbs take both gerunds and infinitives, but with an significant difference in the meaning.
So when we need to decide which one to
use, first check whether the main verb is limited only to gerunds, or only to
infinitives.
If the verb is not on any of the lists, we can use the following guidelines:
If the verb is not on any of the lists, we can use the following guidelines:
- The word "go"
+ sports or recreational activities usually take a gerund.
Examples: "Let's go shopping", "They went skiing". - After a preposition you should use a gerund.
Examples: "I will talk with you before going to lunch" "I am looking forward to working with you". - Expressions with the words "have", "spend" and "waste"
take a gerund.
Examples: "She had fun skiing", "He wasted all his time worrying". - In many cases, the infinitive form is used to show the intention or purpose.
Examples: "We are here to help", "He left to catch the train". - The infinitive form is also used to show the reason.
Examples: "we were sad to hear about your difficulties", "She was shocked to learn the truth". - If neither of these guidelines apply, simply use
the principle in Part I
above.
Does it describe a concrete action? Then use a gerund.
Does it describe a general or potential action? Then use an infinitive.
Examples: "As a painter, I truly love painting",
"I love to paint. I wish I would paint more often"
EXERCISE
1. My friend and I intend _______ out after dinner
a.
Going
b.
To go
Answer:
To go
2. My friend enjoy _______
a.
Baking cookies
b.
To bake cookies
Answer:
Baking cookies
3. Yesterday Marcus meant _______, but he didnt have time
a.
Talking to you
b.
To talk to you
Answer:
To talk to you
4. Some students put off _______ their homework later
a.
To do
b.
Doing
Answer:
Doing
5. Sally expects _______ the test tomorrow
a.
To pass
b.
Passing
Answer:
To pass
6. The kids hope _______ to KFC’s for dinner
a.
To go
b.
Going
Answer:
To go
7. I meant _______
“three”, but i accidentally said, “tree”
a.
To say
b.
Saying
Answer:
To say
8. When Naya was a student, she always put off ______ her
homework!!!!
a.
To finish
b.
Finishing
Answer:
Finishing
9. Jessica postponed _______ for the party
a.
To get dressed
b.
Getting dressed
Answer:
Getting dressed
10. Do you enjoy
_______ movies?
a.
Seeing
b.
To see
Answer:
Seeing
11. Where did you learn _______ too speak Spanish? Was it
in Spain or Latin America?
Answer:
To speak
12. Cheryl suggested _______ a movie after work
Answer:
To see
13. James enjoys ______science fiction
Answer:
Reading
14. I miss _______ in the travel industry. Maybe i can get
my old job back
Answer:
Working
15. Do you mind _______ me translate this later?
Answer:
Helping
16. He asked _______ to the store manager
Answer:
To talk
17. You’ve never mentioned _______ in Japan before. How
long did you live there
Answer:
Living
18. If he keeps
_______ to work late, he’s going to get fired!!!!
Answer:
Coming
19. Dara plans _______ abroard next year
Answer:
To study
20. I agreed
_______ Jane wash her car
Answer:
To help
3. MODAL AUXILIARIES
All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called
modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot
act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they
can also serve as ordinary verbs in a given sentence.
The modal verbs are:-
PATTERN MODAL AUXILIARIES :
* ( ? ) MODAL + S + V1
ex: Can she do the test?
* ( ? ) MODAL + S + V1
ex: Can she do the test?
* ( + ) S + MODAL + V1
ex: She can do the test.
* ( – ) S + MODAL NOT + V1
ex: She can’t do the test.
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MODAL
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EXAMPEL
|
USES
|
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CAN
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They can control their own
budgets
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Ability/Possibility
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|
We can’t fix it
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Inability/Impossibility
|
|
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Can i smoke here?
|
Asking for a permission
|
|
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Can you help me?
|
Request
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COULD
|
Could i borrow your dictionary?
|
Asking for a permission
|
|
Could you say it again more
slowly?
|
Request
|
|
|
We could try to fix it
ourselves
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Suggestion
|
|
|
I think we could have another
Gulf War
|
Future possibility
|
|
|
He gave up his old job so he
could work for us
|
Ability in the past
|
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MAY
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May i have another cup of
coffee?
|
Asking for a permission
|
|
China may become a major
economic power
|
Future possibility
|
|
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MIGHT
|
We’d better phone tomorrow,
they might be eating their dinner now
|
Present possibility
|
|
They might give us a 10% disc
|
Future possibility
|
|
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MUST
|
We must say good bye now
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Necessity/ Obligation
|
|
They must,’t disrupt the work
more than necesarry
|
Prohibition
|
|
|
OUGHT TO
|
We ought to employ a
professional writer
|
Saying what’s right or correct
|
|
SHALL
|
Shall i help you with your
luggage?
|
Offer
|
|
Shall we say 2.30 then?
|
Suggestion
|
|
|
So i do that or will you?
|
Asking what to do
|
|
|
SHOULD
|
We should sort out this problem
at once
|
Saying what’s right or correct
|
|
I think we should check
everything again
|
Recomendation action
|
|
|
Profits should increase next
year
|
Uncertain prediction
|
|
|
WILL
|
I cant see any taxies so i’ll
walk
|
Instant decision
|
|
I’ll do that for you if you
like
|
Offer
|
|
|
I’lll get back to you first
thing on Monday
|
Promise
|
|
|
Profits will increase next year
|
Certain prediction
|
|
|
WOULD
|
Would you mind if i brought a
colleague with me?
|
Asking a permisson
|
|
Would you past the salt please?
|
Request
|
|
|
Would you mind waiting a moment?
|
Request
|
|
|
“Would three o’clock suit you? –
“That’d be fine”
|
Making arrangement
|
|
|
Would you like to play golf
this Friday?
|
Invitation
|
|
|
“Would you prefer tea or coffee?”
– “i’d like tea please”
|
Preference
|
EXERCISE
1.
You seem to be having trouble
there. _______ i help you?
a. Would
b. Will
c. Shall
Answer: Shall
2.
I don’t have enough money to buy
lunch. _______ you lend me a couple of dollars?
a. May
b. Could
c. Shall
Answer: Could
3.
That ice is dangerously thin now.
You _______go ice-skatting today
a. Mustn’t
b. Might not
c. Would mind not to
Answer: Mustn’t
4. It’s way past my bedtime
and i’m really tired. I _______ go to bed
a. Should
b. Ought
c. Could
Answer: Should
5. He _______ have commited this crime. He wasn’t even in the city
that night
a. Might
b. Shouldn’t
c. Couldn’t
6. That bus is usually on time. It _______ to be here any time now
a. Might
b. Has
c. Ought
Answer: Ought
7. Professor Villa, we;ve finished our work for today. _______ we
leave now please?
a. May
b. Can
c. Must
Answer: Can
8. It _______ be ready by Friday, as long as we don’t have any
unexpected problems
a. May
b. Might
c. Should
Answer: Should
9. She _______ to lunch. She usually goes at this time
a. Should go
b. Must have gone
c. Must go
Answer: Must have gone
10. If we’d had more time
we _______ have finished it
a. Could
b. Could have
c. Must have
Answer: Could have
11. It was her birthday yesterday. We ________ got her a card. I feel
awful
Answer: Should have
12. She _______ be here in a minute. She only went out get a
newspapper
Answer: Should
13. Sorry i’m late, i
_______ drop the kids off at school
Answer: Had to
14. I ________ replied
earlier but i was out all day yesterday
Answer: Would have
15. It _______ been a great party if a few more people had come
Answer: Would have
16. Althought we didnt have the right tools, we ________ get the
work finished on time
Answer: Managed to
17. He ________ passed easily if only he’d spent a bit more time
revising
Answer: Would have
18. I read about your plane’s
near disaster. You _______ terrified
Answer: Might have been
19. I’mm really quite lost.
_______ showing me how to get out of here?
Answer: Would you mind
20. Joana is over two hours late already, she _______ missed the
bus again
Answer: Will have
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